La crisis del coronavirus ha puesto de manifiesto el desafío de los países para proteger la salud de la población. Ante la emergencia, los gobiernos han adoptado medidas sin precedentes a nivel internacional, como el cierre de fronteras o de amplias áreas de sus territorios.
A falta de políticas de gestión de la crisis sanitaria como campañas masivas de testeo y manejo inteligente de datos para la trazabilidad de los contagios y poder así intervenir a tiempo, los gobiernos han optado en el corto plazo por cerrar las fronteras o restringir los cruces fronterizos para enfrentar la emergencia sanitaria.
Estas medidas pueden causar importantes disrupciones en las cadenas de suministro y en el transporte a nivel global. El comercio global de bienes podría caer en 2020 entre el 13% y el 32% dependiendo de los escenarios, según la Organización Mundial del Comercio.
Sin embargo, es en este contexto, donde las administraciones aduaneras juegan un papel crítico para garantizar la capacidad de aprovisionamiento durante la crisis y mitigar el agravamiento de las dificultades sanitarias, sociales y económicas.
Para cumplir ese papel, es indispensable que los servicios aduaneros coordinen sus esfuerzos de manera eficiente con las demás entidades competentes en materia de despacho de mercancías y personas. Es decir, que operen conforme a un esquema de gestión coordinada de fronteras.
Algunos países han impuesto restricciones a los flujos de pasajeros, pero permiten el comercio de bienes y servicios para garantizar el abastecimiento de alimentos, medicinas, equipos sanitarios, bienes intermedios, equipos de telecomunicaciones y combustibles, entre otros, y para mantener la producción nacional a un nivel mínimo.
Las cadenas de suministro deben seguir funcionando
Las cadenas de suministro necesitan seguir su funcionamiento, hasta donde sea posible, para evitar el colapso del sistema comercial y financiero a nivel global, y mantener los niveles de producción y empleos a nivel nacional en sectores críticos de la economía.
Mientras los servicios sanitarios están en el frente de la batalla contra la epidemia, la respuesta rápida y coordinada de los servicios aduaneros y otras agencias fronterizas es fundamental para priorizar el despacho expedito de bienes necesarios como alimentos, medicinas, mascarillas, guantes, respiradores, equipamiento de protección, entre otros, así como para garantizar que los productos importados o donados no comprometan la salud pública por no atender estándares de calidad y/o la seguridad nacional.
De igual manera, los gobiernos deben intentar adoptar protocolos para no interrumpir el comercio de otros bienes que también son importantes para mantener la provisión de los mercados nacionales, de bienes de consumo y de bienes intermedios que permitan una pronta reactivación económica.
El rol crítico de las aduanas
A manera de ejemplo presentamos algunas de las medidas que las aduanas pueden adoptar durante la gestión de la pandemia:
- Implementar junto con otras entidades gubernamentales de control fronterizo un procedimiento de emergencia simplificado y expedito para el despacho de las mercancías críticas, sean estas donadas o de importación comercial normal.
- Identificar en coordinación con las autoridades de salud las mercancías necesarias para atender la emergencia, y contemplar una excepción temporal en el pago de aranceles.
- Implementar un proceso expedito de emisión de licencias junto con el Ministerio de Salud (o autoridad competente) para una rápida verificación de dichos permisos o certificados.
- Facilitar la admisión temporal de los equipos de las organizaciones internacionales que participan en las labores de asistencia para superar la emergencia.
- Usar medios no intrusivos de control para agilizar el levante de las mercancías.
- Colaborar con importadores confiables certificados, como los Operadores Económicos Autorizados (OEA), y con empresas que importan de manera frecuente las mercancías necesarias para facilitar su importación.
- Mantener líneas de comunicación con los actores públicos y privados de la cadena logística para comunicar los nuevos procesos y conjuntamente ajustarlos en función de la evolución y las necesidades de la emergencia.
- Estrechar lazos de comunicación con otras administraciones de aduanas, especialmente de los países vecinos y de los que exportan los productos de emergencia.
La crisis del coronavirus nos hace darle mayor valor a la importancia de la colaboración en todos los órdenes y niveles, ya que una efectiva respuesta a la emergencia requiere coordinación en el ámbito gubernamental (de índole sanitario, de orden público y comercial), entre las entidades de gobierno nacional, regional e internacional, y la colaboración con el sector privado.
Es por ello, que la gestión coordinada de fronteras se hace más necesaria que nunca en el marco de una emergencia, ya sea por una pandemia o por una catástrofe natural o climática.
Es decir, contar con procesos simplificados y protocolos de actuación rápida entre las aduanas y todas las entidades de gestión fronteriza; disponer de tecnología de punta para inspecciones no intrusivas y facilitar los envíos de material médico sin menoscabar la función de control aduanero; disponer de sistemas automatizados y medios de pago en línea; apoyarse en empresas confiables como los OEA para la importación de materiales críticos y para el transporte y distribución de los mismos; y estar respaldados por un cuerpo de profesionales aduaneros en puertos, aeropuertos y pasos de frontera para agilizar la entrada de mercancías destinadas a salvar vidas en las etapas más difíciles de la crisis sanitaria.
El BID reconoce la labor y la importancia de las aduanas de la región durante la gestión de la pandemia y el proceso de reactivación económica, y mantiene su compromiso con la modernización y la transformación de estas a través de la mejora de sus procesos, sus sistemas, su equipamiento con nuevas tecnologías, y el fortalecimiento de sus recursos humanos.
Esta pandemia también pone en perspectiva la relevancia de colaborar a nivel nacional mediante una gestión coordinada de fronteras y regional junto con organizaciones internacionales como Naciones Unidas (Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, OCHA por sus siglas en inglés), la Organización Mundial de Aduanas (OMA) y el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) en la elaboración de Planes de Acción y Contingencia para estar mejor preparados en futuras emergencias.
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