Estamos atravesando un vertiginoso momento de la historia en el que las transformaciones globales y locales están marcando una transición turbulenta desde un contexto previsible hacia un espacio inédito.
Prof. Silvia Torres Carbonell *
En la actualidad, las tecnologías exponenciales, los nuevos modelos de negocio basados más en el conocimiento que en el capital físico, la economía digital, los modelos colaborativos, la desintermediación, la globalización virtual, los nuevos esquemas organizacionales de las empresas del futuro; representan un enorme desafío para las personas, las organizaciones y los gobiernos.
El capitalismo del futuro será el “talentismo” ya que el recurso más valioso será el talento y el conocimiento. Esos cambios disruptivos se producen con intensidad, velocidad y alcance exponencial.
Hoy sabemos que la competitividad de los países se basa en el grado de innovación de su economía. Como consecuencia de esta revolución, existe un creciente interés por el fenómeno emprendedor, que ve al cambio como algo saludable y a la innovación como la forma de generar valor para la sociedad.
El desafío privado
Sin la creación de nuevas empresas y la recreación de las existentes abiertas al mundo, invirtiendo en investigación y desarrollo, introduciendo nuevos productos, mejorando procesos, incorporando tecnología, atrayendo capital, generando nuevos y mejores empleos, es difícil imaginar que las nuevas tecnologías disruptivas puedan penetrar la economía y sobre todo generar mejor calidad de vida y prosperidad en forma masiva.
El desafío que hoy enfrentan las empresas es enorme. Son tiempos de de-construcción y re-construcción, en muchos casos de re-invención o desaparición. Ya no nos preguntamos si habrá un Uber o Instagram de las finanzas sino cuál será y cuándo irrumpirá en el mercado amenazando al sistema.
Las organizaciones ya no pueden seguir confiando siempre en lo que funcionó en el pasado, en procesos bien desarrollados, y en tecnologías probadas para generar riqueza hoy. Necesitan explorar nuevas posibilidades, incrementar la diversidad de ideas y visiones dentro de la empresa, incluso ver situaciones viejas con ojos nuevos lo que puede implicar romper a veces con el éxito pasado.
Más que nunca las empresas necesitan repensarse y tomar la iniciativa frente a la incertidumbre que nos rodea y para ello deben contar con directivos y funcionarios emprendedores y con un entorno organizacional que los estimule.
El comportamiento emprendedor e innovador como “factor clave” del éxito de la empresa permite:
1- Percibir y aprovechar oportunidades relativas a nuevos negocios, mercados o procesos 2- Competir global y proactivamente con empresas más chicas y flexibles o más grandes y poderosas 3- Desarrollar capacidades innovadoras a través de combinación de recursos. 4- Estimular al personal y mantener el talento dentro de la organización. 5- Enfrentar situaciones de crisis, repensando creativamente cómo aprovechar los recursos y las capacidades que existen en la organización 6- Manejar la incertidumbre y el cambio para transformarlos en “aliados”
La importancia del ecosistema
Asistimos a una creciente interacción entre empresas grandes y medianas con start ups de tecnología, emprendedores disruptivos en industrias diversas, y creo que es consecuencia de que las empresas grandes son conscientes de la necesidad imperiosa de innovar y que los procesos internos de cambio son lentos y complejos. Por ello elijen trabajar colaborativamente con estos emprendedores, incorporando tecnología, nuevos modelos de negocio y nuevas soluciones.
Emprender e innovar no son accidentes. Son procesos que se generan en un espacio y un tiempo. Las organizaciones innovadoras no florecen en un vacío, necesitan de mercados, instituciones y redes para su creación y expansión.
Por eso es necesario promover la formación de ecosistemas dinámicos donde la actividad emprendedora e innovadora pueda desarrollarse. Cada país, cada región e incluso cada ciudad tiene que encontrar su modelo, tomando las buenas prácticas y los aprendizajes de otros entornos. Los modelos no son replicables automáticamente porque crear un ecosistema virtuoso es producto de la existencia y la interacción de diversos jugadores, de un entorno y de una cultura. Influyen condiciones macroeconómicas, pero también la historia, la micro, la existencia de oportunidades y sobre todo de personas transformadoras en el ámbito privado, social y público.
¿Se puede innovar en Argentina?
En los últimos 20 años se han desarrollado en el país, una gran cantidad de iniciativas a nivel privado, académico y en la sociedad civil, para promover y consolidar este ecosistema emprendedor y de innovación. Todo ello a pesar de los fuertes obstáculos por falta de reglas claras que trabaron el acceso al capital, una macro y micro economía deteriorada, falta de inversión en infraestructura energética, de telecomunicaciones y física, alta y constante inflación, falta de confiabilidad del país para recibir inversiones externas, cierre de la economía y trabas regulatorias al libre comercio. Pero esta situación ha comenzado a cambiar. El gobierno nacional y muchos gobiernos provinciales y municipales están poniendo en práctica políticas públicas y programas tendientes a promover y sostener el ecosistema emprendedor y la innovación. La tarea no es privativa del Estado. Como sociedad debemos revalorizar a la empresa privada como célula vital de la sociedad, generadora de empleo genuino, creadora de riqueza, proveedora de bienes y servicios que mejoren la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos y pagadora de impuestos que luego el Estado redistribuye para asegurar justicia, salud, educación y seguridad para revertir así esa visión que confía en el Estado como el gran “protector y benefactor social” y desconfía del valor de la iniciativa privada, del esfuerzo y del aporte del empresario honesto, competitivo y eficiente como gran motor de prosperidad. Si bien el apoyo gubernamental es importante no debemos olvidar que las personas y su iniciativa individual siguen siendo el recurso fundamental. Los nuevos proyectos que están naciendo en Argentina, en sectores tan diversos como Finanzas, Agro, Medicina, Retail, Ciberseguridad, Medios, entretenimiento, educación, Biotecnología, Blockchain, tienen en común; la pasión emprendedora de sus fundadores; la búsqueda de las oportunidades y de propuestas de valor que solucionen problemas reales de sus usuarios. Estos nuevos emprendimientos son el germen del tejido empresarial del mañana. Me imagino a la Argentina futura emulando a la “bottega” del Renacimiento de la Florencia del siglo XV, donde se puso el conocimiento en el centro de la creación de valor, con la convergencia de saberes en los talleres de artesanos, pintores, escultores, arquitectos, matemáticos, ingenieros, anatomistas y otros científicos trabajando junto a ricos comerciantes como mecenas. El resultado fue el Renacimiento, que concibió maneras revolucionarias de trabajar, diseñar y entregar productos y servicios, e incluso de ver el mundo.
* Silvia Torres Carbonell, es directora del Centro de Entrepreneurship (IAE Business School) y Directora Global del Entrepreneurship Monitor
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