En un artículo escrito hoy por Agustina López en el diario La Nación, la periodista se hace eco de la preocupación de varios especialistas que ya advierten sobre los peligros de un poder superconcentrado en el Presidente Alberto Fernández
La crisis generada por el avance del coronavirus provocó una concentración de poder en el Presidente, que centralizó las decisiones frente a la retracción de los poderes Legislativo y Judicial, advierten los especialistas. Con la crisis provocada por la pandemia de coronavirus, el Presidente cobró excepcional relevancia ante la necesidad de tomar medidas urgentes y centralizar las decisiones.
El Congreso, sin mecanismos alternativos de reunión contemplados, cerró sus puertas para evitar los viajes de los legisladores del interior y no generar contagios. La Justicia, en tanto, dispuso una guardia mínima a través de una acordada de la Corte Suprema que declaró una feria judicial extraordinaria.
La emergencia sanitaria y esta parálisis de los poderes Legislativo y Judicial provocaron que parte de sus funciones fueran reemplazadas, en algunos casos, por el uso de decretos de necesidad y urgencia (DNU). En otros, simplemente se postergaron las tareas. Sin embargo, especialistas y politólogos advierten que, si bien la crisis demanda un liderazgo fuerte, es necesario que los otros dos poderes realicen una tarea de control para evitar corrupción o rasgos autoritarios que podrían generarse durante lo que dure la cuarentena. Incluso, opinan los expertos, la oposición deberá recobrar de a poco su rasgo crítico. No con el fin de desestabilizar, sino para mantener un equilibrio de fuerzas, robustecer la transparencia e incluso contribuir con las medidas que sean necesarias.
“Indudablemente estamos en una situación grave que requiere medidas de emergencia, obviamente transitorias. Es de las pocas veces que los DNU son verdaderamente de necesidad y urgencia. Pero eso no significa que deba ser un descontrol. Los organismos de control tienen que seguir funcionando. El Congreso va a tener que encontrar canales tecnológicos para empezar a reunirse”, opina Pablo Secchi, director ejecutivo de Poder Ciudadano.
Secchi plantea además que todos los datos correspondientes a las compras realizadas por el Estado deben publicarse de forma transparente para que los organismos de control puedan hacer una exhaustiva auditoría cuando pase la crisis sanitaria. “Ninguna de estas situaciones que estamos viviendo deja de lado que las instituciones sigan funcionando. En materia de transparencia pedimos que, como hay una situación excepcional de compras y contrataciones, se generen mecanismos para que esas informaciones sean públicas y se puedan monitorear“, dijo.
Sobre este punto coincide el politólogo Andrés Malamud. “La centralidad del Poder Ejecutivo en periodos de emergencia, tales como guerras o catástrofes, es inevitable. En las democracias maduras, los poderes Legislativo y Judicial mantienen su actividad aún bajo bombardeos. Al Ejecutivo se lo ayuda controlándolo, no dejándolo solo“, asegura. Y pone como ejemplo algunos países de Europa en donde el Parlamento continúa funcionando con un régimen parcial o mediante videoconferencia.
“El presidencialismo no es un problema -dice Malamud-. Es el régimen político establecido por la Constitución. Problemas son que el Congreso no se reúna y que los jueces no paguen impuestos.”
Carlos Gervasoni, doctor en Ciencia Política y profesor de la Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, considera que si bien la crisis reviste gravedad, no es una situación similar a una guerra en donde está en juego la integridad territorial en el país. Y aún en esos casos, advierte, el Poder Legislativo tiene facultades para seguir actuando. “Si hay ramas y actividades exceptuadas para trabajar durante la cuarentena desde ya que las autoridades políticas de un país deberían estar funcionando. Los tres poderes deberían hacerlo tanto a nivel nacional como municipal y provincial“, dice.
Al mismo tiempo, Gervasoni apunta a un fenómeno que suele ocurrir en situaciones de gravedad y que agrega un matiz a las circunstancias: el “rally ’round the flag effect” o efecto de manifestación alrededor de la bandera. “Hay una cierta tendencia a que, cuando sobreviene una situación crítica, en el corto plazo se da una concentración fuerte de poder en el Ejecutivo y se desactivan los mensajes críticos. La oposición entiende que es un momento para colaborar y no para cuestionar“, explica el especialista.
Sin embargo, ciertos errores e inconsistencias del Gobierno irán socavando esa unidad y dando más lugar al desarrollo de las tareas de la oposición. “La oposición tiene que coordinarse; coordinar un mensaje y una acción legislativa“, cierra Gervasoni.
La compra con sobreprecios que realizó el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social (y que salió a la luz gracias a un artículo periodístico), el beneficio de la prisión domiciliaria que se otorgó al exvicepresidente Amado Boudou pero que no se extendió a otros presos o el desborde que se produjo el viernes con los pagos a los jubilados generaron duras críticas y cuestionamientos al Gobierno. Incluso cortocircuitos internos.
“Tal vez vivamos durante un tiempo con el diagnóstico de que la función ejecutiva avanza en desmedro de la legislativa y judicial. Esto pasa siempre que el estado refuerza sus capacidades. Ahora seguramente los estados van a reformar sus capacidades para afrontar pandemias y eso será aún más ejecutivismo. Es decir: todos los problemas conducen a más presidencialismo“, explica Julio Burdman, politólogo y analista. Pero agrega: “Sin embargo, también hay otros fenómenos como el globalismo y el localismo que se ven reforzados. Hay que escaparle a los análisis institucionales de suma cero: acá, más que nuevos equilibrios, hay una dislocación de todas las esferas del poder“. Cabe preguntarse cómo serán los nuevos roles que jugarán las provincias y municipios gracias a las atribuciones cedidas por el Presidente en pos de domar la pandemia. De todas formas, según dice Burdman, es posible que esta preponderancia del Ejecutivo no se haya dado exclusivamente por la voluntad presidencial sino por la inacción del Legislativo y que, de la misma manera, pueda revertirse. “Cuando se producen desequilibrios entre los poderes del estado no hay que usar solo la lente del dominio de uno sobre otro: también podemos preguntarnos qué dejó de hacer el Congreso para transmitir esta sensación. El Congreso tiene muchas herramientas para intervenir y aún transformar la realidad“, advirtió.
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