Según un informe de la consultora KPMG, el mercado de derivados financieros en Argentina cuadriplicó su volúmen en una década, usado como herramienta de cobertura. En años pasados, la moneda extranjera y la intermediación financiera fueron desplazándolos, pero actualmente se registra un nuevo auge y un futuro prometedor.
En la última década los derivados financieros del mercado argentino casi han cuadruplicado su volumen de dinero, pasando de $ 77.000 millones en diciembre de 2008, a $ 300.000 millones en junio de 2017, sin obviar lo alcanzado en diciembre de 2015: $ 265.000 millones, en un contexto de gran incertidumbre de la economía argentina y el inminente cambio de gobierno.
Los productos derivados financieros, como son llamados por el Banco Central de la República Argentina (BCRA), se caracterizan por permitir la cobertura o minimización de un riesgo asociado a un activo, el de interés (subyacente, porque su valor depende de los cambios en el precio de éste). Si bien existe una gran variedad de productos los más conocidos son los futuros, forwards, opciones y swaps; y las operaciones de pase.
Respecto a sus funciones, los derivados financieros tienen dos usos u objetivos básicos: la administración o cobertura de riesgos y la especulación.
Desde el punto de vista económico, los efectos del uso de estos instrumentos son variados y dependientes de su finalidad. Pueden identificarse cuatro canales a través de los cuales los derivados afectan el desarrollo económico: I) Inversión, II) Progreso tecnológico, III) Comercio internacional y IV) Rentabilidad.
La inversión y la rentabilidad son el principal nexo entre los instrumentos y la promoción del crecimiento económico, ya que por medio de derivados financieros, las empresas e individuos pueden cubrirse de riesgos, mejorando sus perfiles de inversión y ganancias; el progreso tecnológico y el comercio internacional, afectan al crecimiento desde las mejoras que imparten sobre la productividad y la escala de producción de las empresas.
Por ejemplo, una empresa productora de aceite de soja, que demanda el grano de la oleaginosa como insumo principal para la elaboración de ese producto, ante expectativas alcistas en el precio del grano podría hacer uso de los derivados financieros y celebrar un contrato forward con su proveedor (el productor agrícola) para cubrirse de la posible volatilidad.
Estos instrumentos, al no conformar más que un acuerdo entre partes para mantener fijo un valor futuro incierto (precio, por ejemplo), buscan traer previsibilidad a los negocios diversificando el riesgo que implica la incertidumbre y haciendo, que una de las partes asuma una fracción del riesgo que enfrenta la otra. Ello conlleva a una mejora sustancial del resultado económico y de las actividades productivas. La merma en los niveles de incertidumbre atados a los negocios y emprendimientos, termina traduciéndose en mayores inversiones y repercuten en productividad y rentabilidad.
Finalmente, el estudio realizado por KPMG sostiene que el desempeño del mercado doméstico de derivados se encuentra atrasado respecto al observado en economías desarrolladas. No obstante, el nuevo contexto económico, apoyado en un esquema cambiario flotante y condicionado por las elevadas tasas de inflación e interés, estaría brindando la oportunidad para un mayor desarrollo de este mercado.
“Resulta seguro asumir que el rumbo económico iniciado en 2015 no cambiaría drásticamente en el mediano plazo, por lo que las empresas y productores tendrán que adaptarse rápidamente a la nueva realidad y comenzar a apoyarse más en el mercado de derivados si desean reducir su exposición a los riesgos que implican la volatilidad cambiaria, de precios y/o de tasas de interés”, sostiene el trabajo.
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