Y un día, de pronto, todo se paró. Y, como diría Gabriel García Marquez en su novela, tal vez “Era inevitable”. Cuando escribimos hace unos meses El futuro ya está aquí y hablábamos de disrupciones en el orden global, nunca pensamos que llegarían con tanta virulencia y menos aún que el detonador sería un virus que nos forzaría a todos a dejar lo que estábamos haciendo para empezar a hacer las cosas de forma diferente. La teoría del comportamiento nos dice que se necesita tiempo para cambiar hábitos y patrones de conducta; si algo ha tenido COVID-19, es capacidad para cambiar radicalmente y de un día para otro nuestras conductas básicas. Claramente, ha habido un shock y es posible que algunas de las transformaciones que eran necesarias para dar el salto a una nueva realidad pasen ahora en corto plazo y sin planificación.
Por Mercedes Mateo *
COVID-19 nos toca a todos no solo como individuos sino de forma estructural: la seguridad, la salud, la educación, la economía, las instituciones y la gobernanza nacional y global. Como mínimo la crisis está afectándonos en los actos cotidianos que dábamos por sentado. El confinamiento y la distancia física están en el lado opuesto de la libertad de moverse, de relacionarse, de adquirir bienes y servicios de los que habíamos disfrutado sin hacernos preguntas. Incluso en el contexto de la emergencia, los gobiernos han tomado medidas extraordinarias que restringen a efectos prácticos libertades, pesos y contrapesos, y la transparencia necesarios para el funcionamiento de cualquier sistema que se llame democrático. El coronavirus no discrimina, pero nuestra cobertura de salud y la capacidad económica y educativa para responder a la emergencia a nivel individual sí. Todos podemos contraer COVID-19, pero algunos están más expuestos que otros, y muchos no pueden hacerse las pruebas o recibir atención sanitaria porque no tienen seguro médico. El 91% de niños y jóvenes en todo el mundo están hoy fuera de las aulas, pero sólo algunos siguen aprendiendo porque muchos carecen de la infraestructura física y tecnológica en sus casas, combinada con padres que puedan apoyar los aprendizajes y el acceso a plataformas y docentes preparados para aprender y enseñar de forma remota. La crisis pone de manifiesto de forma mucho más palpable las diferencias socioeconómicas ya existentes entre estudiantes.
Si bien es cierto que nadie estaba preparado para una disrupción así, algunos países lo estaban más que otros, probablemente en parte, porque ya habían pasado por circunstancias parecidas antes. Mientras en Corea o China, por ejemplo, el cierre de escuelas no ha implicado parar los aprendizajes, en otros sistemas sí, afectando particularmente a los estudiantes más vulnerables y ampliando así las brechas ya existentes. Sabemos que la desigualdad es generalizada y aumenta con la edad y la escolaridad, y se manifiesta tanto en las habilidades básicas, como las habilidades sociales, la motivación y las aspiraciones educativas y profesionales de los jóvenes.
¿Qué está pasando en América Latina y el Caribe?
Los países de la región están haciendo un gran esfuerzo por restaurar los servicios educativos, dentro de las capacidades existentes, tratando de llegar a los más vulnerables. Sin embargo, la crisis sanitaria está teniendo repercusiones económicas sustanciales y viene a agravar la emergencia educativa que la región ya tenía. Antes de COVID-19, en todo el mundo 263 millones de niños, adolescentes y jóvenes no estaban yendo a la escuela; de esos 12.7 millones estaban en América Latina y el Caribe, y la mayoría de esos abandonos ocurrían en la educación secundaria. Hoy en todo el mundo, más de 1.500 millones de estudiantes están fuera de la escuela por la pandemia (UNESCO), y de esos aproximadamente 154 millones están en la región.
¿Qué puede representar la disrupción escolar del COVID-19 en términos de aprendizaje?
Escuelas, centros educativos y de formación, y universidades tienen un efecto ecualizador y tienen el potencial de contribuir a corregir parte del efecto que el origen familiar tiene en las oportunidades y trayectorias académicas y laborales de niños y jóvenes. Ese efecto ecualizador se desvanece cuando desaparece la escuela como espacio de trabajo y el aprendizaje pasa al entorno familiar, porque se vuelve dependiente de los recursos de ese medio. Lo más cercano para estimar las posibles pérdidas en aprendizajes es la evidencia existente sobre lo que los estudiantes pierden durante el verano. Meta análisis y estudios recientes confirman que se observan pérdidas importantes durante las vacaciones y que son mayores en matemáticas que en lectura, y mayores para los estudiantes de más bajos ingresos. En la región, un estudio preliminar en Paraguay (coordinado por IPA y realizado por Andrew Dustan, Stanislao Maldonado y Juan M. Hernandez-Agramonte) midió la pérdida de conocimiento de estudiantes vulnerables durante las vacaciones de verano y observó que la pérdida de conocimiento matemático es de 0,36 y 0,25 desviaciones estándares en los alumnos de 3° y 4° grado respectivamente.
Es decir que, en el contexto actual, los estudiantes más vulnerables que han quedado sin acceso al servicio educativo van perdiendo los aprendizajes ganados y no aprenden contenido nuevo, mientras que los de entornos más favorables siguen aprendiendo, fortaleciendo lo ya ganado.
¿Qué representa esto en términos concretos?
Miremos este cálculo. Un estudiante promedio en Estados Unidos gana a lo largo del año escolar aproximadamente 8 puntos en matemáticas (siguiendo el sistema de puntaje de las pruebas MAP) y pierde 4 puntos durante el verano. Esto es aproximadamente lo que estarían perdiendo durante el cierre de escuelas actual, asumiendo que sea de entre dos y tres meses. El problema ahora radica en que hay estudiantes que continuarán aprendiendo y ganando aproximadamente 2.7 puntos en matemáticas. Es decir que la diferencia en desempeño entre estudiantes de altos y bajos ingresos en tres meses podría ser de prácticamente un año escolar. Por supuesto, si el servicio educativo no lograra restablecerse durante un período superior al equivalente a la temporada de verano, la pérdida de aprendizaje sería aún mayor y las brechas seguirían aumentando.
¿Por qué las #habilidades21 son tan importantes justamente ahora en el contexto del COVID-19?
Porque contribuyen no sólo a transitar mejor la crisis, sino a prepararse para cuando la emergencia sanitaria se termine: contribuyen a seguir aprendiendo y protegen nuestra mente de los traumas relacionados con un entorno adverso. Un niño que ha sido expuesto a situaciones de estrés tiene muchas mas dificultades para adquirir habilidades y aprender, por eso es fundamental ocuparnos de lo que está pasando en su “sistema operativo” y cuidarlo. Las #habilidades21 o transversales son habilidades para la vida, ampliamente transferibles en distintos ámbitos, y no específicas a un trabajo, tarea sector, disciplina y ocupación. Hace 20 años que Heckman nos recordaba la importancia de estas habilidades no-cognitivas y la motivación para el éxito de los jóvenes, y por qué los programas educativos debían intervenir desde edades tempranas e incluir mentoría y componentes motivacionales para los adolescentes.
Desde el punto de vista educativo, ¿cuál es la realidad a la que se están enfrentando niños y jóvenes en la región y, particularmente, los más vulnerables?
Lo primero que nos viene a la mente es el hacinamiento en el hogar y falta de un espacio tranquilo para trabajar o la carencia de infraestructura tecnológica y conectividad. Pero la realidad es más compleja: están aislados y desconectados de sus amigos y profesores; carecen en muchos casos del apoyo de sus padres porque muchos de ellos han perdido su fuente de ingreso y están preocupados por solucionar necesidades básicas; requieren adaptabilidad, flexibilidad y capacidad para ajustarse a un contexto completamente nuevo; se enfrentan a ansiedad y estrés por lo que están escuchando sobre la enfermedad, por el miedo a contagiarse, por lo que se imaginan que puede pasar y por lo que ven que está pasando a familiares y seres cercanos; pueden vivir situaciones de violencia domestica que se agrava en casos de confinamiento; carecen en ese contexto de la motivación para hacer sus tareas; trabajar de forma autónoma requiere también capacidad para autoregularse y perseverancia; necesitan creatividad para poder seguir aprendiendo en un entorno diferente sin ábaco o fichas y juguetes educativos, pero sí palos, cazuelas o piedras. Para aquellos casos más favorables, que tienen acceso a conectividad y dispositivos electrónicos como tablets o computadoras, el aprendizaje a distancia requiere de habilidades digitales que ni padres ni estudiantes han adquirido porque no estábamos preparados para un corte tan brutal de la escuela. Los chicos requieren un conjunto de habilidades cognitivas y socioemocionales que en muchos casos no han desarrollado y que en estos contextos son clave.
El confinamiento tiene efectos en la salud física y mental. Los niños que han sido expuestos a situaciones traumáticas tienen mayor riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades mentales, tener retrasos en el desarrollo cognitivo, y de adicciones y otros comportamientos de riesgo. A los niños y jóvenes les afecta especialmente el entorno y, cuando combina múltiples factores adversos, incluyendo traumas que afectan a la comunidad como una pandemia, aumenta el riesgo de sufrir estrés postraumático y otros desórdenes relacionados con el cúmulo de adversidades que les rodean.
En positivo, estamos aprendiendo muy rápido. Los cierres masivos de escuelas y la abrupta transición al aprendizaje a distancia y en línea nos han enseñado la necesidad de establecer canales nacionales para proveer apoyo socioemocional, no solo a los padres y educadores, sino también a los niños. De otras epidemias como el Ébola sabemos que programas de artes enfocados en salud mental pueden reducir considerablemente los síntomas de estrés psicológico en niños. Sabemos también que necesitamos ampliar el trabajo con padres para desarrollar habilidades de comunicación que les permitan asegurar canales de interacción con sus hijos, identificar cualquier problema físico o psicológico, y que les conforten emocionalmente, para ayudarles a ser resilientes y creativos, a aprender autodisciplina, a regular la ansiedad, etc.
Por la urgencia y la importancia, queremos iniciar un diálogo alrededor de estos temas y escuchar diferentes voces. Por eso, creamos un espacio para compartir una serie de blogs en el que invitamos a participar a actores del mundo de la educación que, desde diferentes posiciones, están ayudando a navegar esta coyuntura desde la reflexión y la acción. En octubre 2019 en Panamá, lanzamos una Coalición de diferentes organizaciones del ámbito público y privado que decidimos unir esfuerzos para impulsar el desarrollo de las habilidades del siglo 21 en América Latina y el Caribe. A la fecha, más de 25 organizaciones forman parte de esta Coalición y muchas de ellas estarán contribuyendo a generar información, ideas y conocimiento a través de esta serie de blogs.
¿Cuál es el contenido de la serie?
Abordaremos la relevancia de las #habilidades21 precisamente en un contexto de crisis sin precedentes. Es en situaciones en las que las personas están bajo condiciones de estrés, cuando las habilidades transversales como la resiliencia, la adaptabilidad, la capacidad de aprendizaje, mindfulness, la compasión, la empatía o la solidaridad son más necesarias y pueden marcar la diferencia. Además, ahora que los estudiantes, los maestros y las familias necesitan hacer todo a distancia porque no podemos tener interacciones sociales, es cuando nos damos cuenta de cuántas personas realmente están luchando porque no tienen las habilidades necesarias para navegar un mundo digital. Brindaremos un espacio para aportar ideas concretas sobre cómo debería ser un buen modelo de respuesta a la crisis; qué herramientas educativas y de apoyo al “sistema operativo” de niños, jóvenes y adultos se pueden utilizar durante la pandemia; cómo aumentar la motivación de los estudiantes que están trabajando remoto o en línea para reducir el ausentismo; qué pueden aportar los programas de deportes y música a la salud física y mental; o qué herramientas pueden ayudar a prevenir la violencia de género durante el confinamiento en contextos vulnerables.
Hoy la crisis nos brinda una oportunidad. La crisis ha venido a evidenciar la profunda transformación que necesitan los sistemas educativos. Porque como decía un maestro argentino “tenemos que empezar de cero” los maestros, los padres, los estudiantes, y todos tenemos que colaborar para mantener abiertas las escuelas incluso en periodos como este: no los edificios físicos, sino el proyecto educativo. Y para eso se necesita algo más que lenguaje, matemáticas y ciencias. Lo que pase ahora seguramente va a redefinir un mundo que ya no va a volver, y probablemente era necesario. Lamentablemente, hay cosas que no podremos hacer durante esta crisis para llevar la educación a los más vulnerables. Pero debemos asegurarnos de estar listos para la próxima. Y de eso vamos a hablar aquí.
Si te interesan las #habilidades21 y quieres saber más sobre cómo aprovechar el confinamiento y prepararte mejor para la vida pos-COVID-19, te invitamos a descargar Habilidades del S XXI
- Mercedes Mateo Díaz es Especialista Líder en Educación de la División de Educación del BID. Lidera y contribuye a la investigación, diseño, ejecución y evaluación de proyectos innovadores en América Latina y el Caribe. Su trabajo cubre diferentes ámbitos de la política social, con un énfasis en desigualdad. Ha realizado contribuciones en las áreas de reforma institucional, participación laboral femenina, educación para la primera infancia y políticas de cuidado infantil, desarrollo de habilidades blandas en jóvenes y cohesión social. Tiene un doctorado en ciencias políticas de la Universidad de Lovaina. En 2004, fue investigadora postdoctoral del Fondo Belga de Investigación Científica (FNRS), y hasta 2007 fue investigadora honoraria en la misma institución. De 2002 a 2004, fue investigadora postdoctoral Marie Curie en el Centro Robert Schumann del Instituto Universitario Europeo.
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