Un vistazo a las increíbles oportunidades y tendencias de tecnología críticas que moldearán nuestra vida diaria y hasta la economía en un futuro muy cercano.
Por Sophie Vandebroek *
Imagina una nueva Internet con mejor seguridad, menores requerimientos de ancho de banda y movilidad constante.
Un mundo en el que las personas inexpertas pueden diseñar y manejar procesos de negocio complejos sin la ayuda de un especialista en tecnología.
Un hogar inteligente que no solo monitorea el uso de energía, sino también los signos vitales de tu familia. Asistentes personales virtuales (quizás incrustados en un lente de contacto o incluso en nuestros cuerpos) que comprenden el comportamiento humano, ayudan a priorizar nuestro trabajo y nos alientan a llevar una dieta que se relacione con nuestras actuales necesidades de salud.
Nada de eso es imposible. En verdad son sólo algunas de las cosas que estarán comprendidas en la llamada “Internet de Todo” (Internet of Everything, IoE).
Recientemente discutí acerca de la IoE durante un retiro de líderes de políticas globales que querían echar un vistazo a desafíos y tendencias de tecnología cruciales que son afectados por regulaciones o políticas gubernamentales. Unos pocos días después me encontré con un grupo de pasantes de verano de Xerox, y uno de los primeros temas que surgió fue: ¡la IoE!
La idea de objetos cotidianos comunicándose unos con otros y con el resto del mundo está en las mentes tanto de nuestros científicos más jóvenes como de los más altos responsables de políticas y ejecutivos de hoy.
En el retiro de políticas del Consejo de los CEOs de Tecnología, esbocé tres pilares que harán posible la IoE e impulsarán el futuro de la economía global.
Objetos cotidianos que perciban y respondan a su entorno
Esto significa conectar objetos comunes a la Internet y hacerlos inteligentes.
Los objetos proveerán información útil acerca de cómo los usamos e interactuamos con ellos, y permitimos que interactúen unos con otros.
La miniaturización de chips y radios que hacen a los objetos inteligentes es esencial para aplicaciones prácticas, como también lo es el bajo costo.
Los objetos inteligentes existirán en todos lados, en nuestros hogares, oficinas, vehículos, ciudades- a todo nuestro alrededor. Dispositivos utilizables e implantables detectarán y mejorarán nuestra calidad de vida.
Cisco predice que habrá entre 50 y 75 mil millones de “cosas” conectadas dentro de los próximos seis años, por sobre los alrededor de 9 mil millones de teléfonos y laptops que hay hoy. Todos los productos del futuro serán inteligentes y estarán conectados. Además de realizar su función central, los productos se convertirán en la base de servicios totalmente nuevos que aprovechen los datos que generan. Un ejemplo de esto es el termostato conectado de Nest Labs, un start-up que habilita nuevos servicios, en beneficio de la industria de los servicios públicos.
Una infraestructura flexible inteligente y segura
Ya estamos luchando para lidiar con el volumen de información que atraviesa Internet hoy. Se necesita un nuevo paradigma que soporte este conjunto de objetos cotidianos inteligentes, y la necesidad de conectividad y entrega de información, todo con la adecuada seguridad.
En el PARC (Palo Alto Research Center), estamos desarrollando la arquitectura de Internet de la próxima generación: Content-Centric Networking (CCN) con socios.
Una red CCN promete mejorar la seguridad, disminuir los requerimientos de respuesta y ancho de banda, así como habilitar una movilidad sin fisuras.
Información en tiempo real utilizable
El concepto de moda de hoy en día, “Big Data”, es una oportunidad, pero no es una solución. El desafío es tomar las diversas corrientes de datos en tiempo real, fusionarlas perfectamente y extraer el conocimiento que contienen.
Estas informaciones utilizables crean valor para la gente, los sistemas automatizados y las empresas. Lo importante es habilitar a que la “Big Data” cuente una historia. Comprender las anomalías en patrones, por ejemplo, puede permitir a las empresas reparar proactivamente equipamiento crítico o ayudar a los doctores a cuidar mejor a sus pacientes. Las autoridades de las ciudades pueden usar este tipo de información para crear una ciudad menos congestionada y más verde, permitiéndonos a todos vivir vidas más saludables.
Ruptura y nueva economía
Cuando los objetos comunes e inteligentes; las redes flexibles, inteligentes y seguras; y la información en tiempo real utilizable trabajan en conjunto, una “tormenta perfecta” de funcionalidad emerge. Esta tormenta perturbará completamente a industrias enteras. “Googlear la realidad” se tornará habitual. Gartner predice que el valor agregado económico total para la IoE será de $1,9 trillones de dólares en 2020. El valor más importante de la IoE será medido según el bien que posibilite: salvar vidas, hacer que la economía funcione mejor, hacer eficiente el uso de energía, mejor educación para nuestros niños, y la lista continúa.
La ruptura que conlleva este tipo de cambios es exactamente lo que están reflexionando quienes hacen las políticas. La necesidad de estándares globales, incentivos económicos, seguridad, privacidad y protección de derechos civiles estuvieron muy presentes en el retiro al que asistí. Mucha discusión se centró en un reciente reporte de la Casa Blanca que examinaba cómo la Big Data transformará la manera en que vivimos y trabajamos y alterará las relaciones entre gobierno, ciudadanos, negocios y consumidores. Yo lo estoy leyendo y les aconsejo que le echen un vistazo también.
Un reciente cuestionario emitido por el Pew Research Center Internet Project hacia fines del año pasado preguntó a más de 1600 innovadores de tecnología, emprendedores, analistas y otros si creían que la IoE tendrá efectos amplios y beneficiosos en las vidas cotidianas del público para 2025. La mayoría dijo que sí, y yo también.
* Sophie Vandebroek es Ph.D Chief Technology Officer y Presidente de Xerox Innovation Group.
RECUADROS:
El mundo interconectado
Internet de las cosas (IoT, por su siglas en inglés) se refiere a la interconexión digital de objetos cotidianos con Internet. Según esta teoría llegará un momento en el que se conectarán a Internet más “objetos” que personas. La idea es que si los objetos de la vida cotidiana tuvieran incorporadas etiquetas de radio, podrían ser identificados y gestionados por otros equipos, de la misma manera que si lo fuesen por seres humanos.
El concepto de Internet de las cosas fue propuesto por Kevin Ashton en el Auto-ID Center del MIT en 1999, donde se realizaban investigaciones en el campo de la identificación por radiofrecuencia en red (RFID) y tecnologías de sensores.
El concepto esque los dispositivos se conecten a la red a través de señales de radio de baja potencia ya que estas señales no necesitan Wi-Fi ni Bluetooth. Cuando todos los objetos interactúen sabremos exactamente su ubicación y cómo se consumen y compran productos en todo el mundo; el extravío sería cosa del pasado y sabríamos qué está encendido o apagado en todo momento.
Hacia el 2020
La Internet de las cosas debería ser capaz de codificar de 50 a 100.000 millones de objetos y seguir el movimiento de estos; se calcula que todo ser humano está rodeado de por lo menos 1.000 a 5.000 objetos. Según la empresa Gartner, en 2020 habrá en el mundo aproximadamente 26 mil millones de dispositivos con un sistema de adaptación a Internet de las cosas. Abi Research, por otro lado, asegura que para el mismo año existirán 30 mil millones de dispositivos inalámbricos conectados a Internet. Con la próxima generación de aplicaciones de Internet (protocolo IPv6) se podrían identificar todos los objetos, algo que no se puede hacer con el sistema actualmente en uso. Este sistema sería capaz de identificar instantáneamente por medio de un código a cualquier tipo de objeto.
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